
(By Sangeeta Shukla)
The year 2025 is just around the corner, bringing numerous predictions from astrologers and numerologists regarding potential political unrest, war, and global economic crises.
Regardless of astrological forecasts, the recent controversy during the Indian Parliament’s debate commemorating the 75th anniversary of the Indian Constitution is a stark example of current political realities. Union Home Minister Amit Shah, during his speech, advised the opposition against repeatedly invoking the name of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, suggesting that invoking God’s name with the same frequency might have earned them a place in heaven. This remark ignited a political firestorm, with all parties vying to garner Dalit votes.
Following the farmers’ protests, the NDA government, particularly the BJP-led administration under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has faced significant setbacks. The future of the NDA government in 2025 remains uncertain.
As India approaches a pivotal moment in its democratic journey, the leadership tenures of Dr. Manmohan Singh (2004–2014) and Narendra Modi (2014–2024) stand as contrasting chapters in the country’s governance. Both leaders shaped India in unique ways, reflecting differing visions, leadership styles, and policy priorities.
Contrasting Leadership Styles
Dr. Manmohan Singh, an economist and technocrat, was known for his quiet, intellectual demeanor. His leadership was marked by coalition politics, which often required compromise. While respected globally for his economic acumen, Singh faced criticism domestically for perceived indecision, especially during corruption scandals.
Narendra Modi, in contrast, has adopted a strong-willed and assertive style. Centralizing power in the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO), Modi has projected himself as a transformative leader. His leadership, however, has been polarizing, drawing both fervent support and sharp criticism.
Economic Policies and Their Impact
Singh’s tenure focused on stability and growth, with GDP averaging 8–9% annually during his early years. As the architect of India’s economic liberalization, he signed key trade agreements and emphasized reforms. However, his second term was marred by scandals and slowing growth.
Modi’s economic legacy includes bold moves like demonetization and the Goods and Services Tax (GST). His initiatives, such as “Make in India” and “Digital India,” aimed at modernization, while programs like Jan Dhan Yojana prioritized financial inclusion. Critics, however, point to slowed growth and employment challenges, particularly after the pandemic.
Foreign Policy: Diplomacy vs. Assertiveness
On the global stage, Singh prioritized cooperation, highlighted by the landmark India-US nuclear deal. Modi shifted gears, focusing on an assertive foreign policy to establish India as a global power. His tenure saw strained relations with neighbors, particularly China and Pakistan, while strengthening ties with key powers like the US, Japan, and Israel.
Domestic Challenges and Governance
Both leaders faced significant governance challenges. Singh’s era grappled with corruption scandals and policy paralysis, while Modi’s tenure witnessed large-scale protests over policies like the Citizenship Amendment Act and farm laws. Modi has been credited for his direct communication with the public but criticized for curbing dissent and weakening institutions.
Social and Political Dynamics
Singh’s tenure emphasized welfare schemes like NREGA and the Right to Education Act. Modi expanded welfare programs, including Swachh Bharat and Ujjwala Yojana, focusing on marginalized communities. Politically, Singh navigated coalition constraints, while Modi leveraged a strong majority to consolidate BJP’s dominance.
Legacy of Two Leaders
Manmohan Singh is remembered for his economic reforms and global diplomacy, while Narendra Modi’s tenure is marked by bold decisions and nationalist policies. Together, their leadership reflects India’s evolving political and economic trajectory over the past two decades.
As India reflects on these two defining eras, the lessons from their leadership continue to shape the nation’s path forward.